Beginner’s Italian Grammar Guide


Italian Grammar Guide – A1 Level. Part 1

Table of Contents

  1. Articles
  2. Gender and Number
  3. Present Tense (Presente)
  4. Basic Pronouns
  5. Question Formation
  6. Common Prepositions
  7. Basic Adjectives

Articles

Definite Articles (The)

  • il – masculine singular (before consonants)
  • il libro (the book)
  • il tavolo (the table)
  • lo – masculine singular (before s + consonant, z, ps, gn)
  • lo studente (the student)
  • lo zaino (the backpack)
  • la – feminine singular
  • la casa (the house)
  • la strada (the street)
  • i – masculine plural (for il words)
  • i libri (the books)
  • gli – masculine plural (for lo words)
  • gli studenti (the students)
  • le – feminine plural
  • le case (the houses)

Indefinite Articles (A/An)

  • un – masculine singular (before consonants)
  • un libro (a book)
  • uno – masculine singular (before s + consonant, z, ps, gn)
  • uno studente (a student)
  • una – feminine singular
  • una casa (a house)

Gender and Number

Noun Gender

  • Most masculine nouns end in -o
  • ragazzo (boy)
  • libro (book)
  • Most feminine nouns end in -a
  • ragazza (girl)
  • casa (house)
  • Some nouns ending in -e can be either masculine or feminine
  • il padre (father)
  • la madre (mother)

Forming Plurals

  • Masculine -o → -i
  • librolibri
  • ragazzoragazzi
  • Feminine -a → -e
  • casacase
  • ragazzaragazze
  • Nouns ending in -e → -i
  • padrepadri
  • madremadri

Presente

Regular Verbs

-are verbs (parlare – to speak)

  • parlo (I speak)
  • parli (you speak)
  • parla (he/she speaks)
  • parliamo (we speak)
  • parlate (you all speak)
  • parlano (they speak)

-ere verbs (scrivere – to write)

  • scrivo (I write)
  • scrivi (you write)
  • scrive (he/she writes)
  • scriviamo (we write)
  • scrivete (you all write)
  • scrivono (they write)

-ire verbs (dormire – to sleep)

  • dormo (I sleep)
  • dormi (you sleep)
  • dorme (he/she sleeps)
  • dormiamo (we sleep)
  • dormite (you all sleep)
  • dormono (they sleep)

Common Irregular Verbs

essere (to be)

  • sono (I am)
  • sei (you are)
  • è (he/she is)
  • siamo (we are)
  • siete (you all are)
  • sono (they are)

avere (to have)

  • ho (I have)
  • hai (you have)
  • ha (he/she has)
  • abbiamo (we have)
  • avete (you all have)
  • hanno (they have)

Pronouns

Subject Pronouns

  • io (I)
  • tu (you – informal)
  • lui (he)
  • lei (she)
  • Lei (you – formal)
  • noi (we)
  • voi (you all)
  • loro (they)

Direct Object Pronouns

  • mi (me)
  • ti (you)
  • lo (him/it)
  • la (her/it)
  • ci (us)
  • vi (you all)
  • li (them – masculine)
  • le (them – feminine)

Questions

Question Words

  • chi? (who?)
  • che cosa? / cosa? (what?)
  • dove? (where?)
  • quando? (when?)
  • perché? (why?)
  • come? (how?)
  • quale? / quali? (which?)
  • quanto? / quanta? / quanti? / quante? (how much/many?)

Forming Questions

  1. Using question words:
  • Dove abiti? (Where do you live?)
  • Come stai? (How are you?)
  1. Using intonation:
  • Parli italiano? (Do you speak Italian?)
  • Sei studente? (Are you a student?)

Prepositions

Simple Prepositions

  • di (of/from)
  • a (to/at)
  • da (from/by)
  • in (in/to)
  • con (with)
  • su (on)
  • per (for)
  • tra/fra (between/among)

Prepositions with Articles

Example with „in“:

  • in + il = nel
  • in + lo = nello
  • in + la = nella
  • in + i = nei
  • in + gli = negli
  • in + le = nelle

Adjectives

Agreement

Adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify:

  • un libro interessante (an interesting book)
  • una storia interessante (an interesting story)
  • libri interessanti (interesting books)
  • storie interessanti (interesting stories)

Common Adjectives

  • grande (big)
  • piccolo/a (small)
  • nuovo/a (new)
  • vecchio/a (old)
  • bello/a (beautiful)
  • buono/a (good)
  • cattivo/a (bad)
  • alto/a (tall)
  • basso/a (short)
  • facile (easy)
  • difficile (difficult)

Position

Most adjectives come after the noun:

  • un libro interessante (an interesting book)
  • una macchina rossa (a red car)

Some common adjectives can come before the noun:

  • un bel giorno (a beautiful day)
  • un nuovo libro (a new book)